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NCERT Based MCQ with Explanation:
1. What was a key idea that emerged in Europe after the French Revolution?
(a) Absolute monarchy
(b) Individual rights and social power
(c) Feudal privileges
(d) Church dominance
Explanation: After the French Revolution, ideas of individual rights and control over social power emerged, challenging aristocratic and church dominance, influencing debates in Europe and beyond, including in India.
2. Who in India discussed the significance of the French Revolution?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy and Derozio
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy and Derozio emphasized the French Revolution’s role in inspiring societal change, sparking discussions in India about revolutionary ideas and reforms in the 19th century.
3. How did conservatives in the 19th century differ from their 18th-century stance?
(a) They rejected all change
(b) They accepted gradual change
(c) They supported radical reforms
(d) They opposed industrialization
Explanation: By the 19th century, conservatives, initially resistant to change, began accepting gradual reforms while respecting the past, unlike their 18th-century opposition to any societal transformation.
4. What did liberals in 19th-century Europe advocate for?
(a) Universal adult franchise
(b) A representative parliamentary government
(c) Dynastic rule
(d) Church supremacy
Explanation: Liberals sought a representative, elected parliamentary government with an independent judiciary, tolerating all religions, but restricted voting rights to propertied men, opposing dynastic power.
5. Why did radicals oppose the privileges of wealthy landowners?
(a) They supported monarchy
(b) They favored majority-based governance
(c) They disliked all private property
(d) They wanted aristocratic rule
Explanation: Radicals advocated for government based on the majority, opposing the privileges of wealthy landowners and factory owners, while supporting movements like women’s suffrage.
6. What was a major social issue caused by industrialization in Europe?
(a) Overpopulation in rural areas
(b) Poor housing and sanitation
(c) Decline in factory jobs
(d) Reduced railway expansion
Explanation: Industrialization led to rapid urban growth, causing housing shortages and poor sanitation in towns, as new cities and industrial regions developed during the 19th century.
7. Who owned most industries in 19th-century Europe?
(a) The state
(b) Cooperatives
(c) Individuals
(d) The church
Explanation: Most industries were privately owned by individuals, often liberals and radicals, who believed in rewarding individual effort and opposed aristocratic privileges based on birth.
8. What did Giuseppe Mazzini aim to achieve in Italy?
(a) Restore monarchy
(b) Establish a unified nation with equal rights
(c) Promote colonial expansion
(d) Support conservative policies
Explanation: Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian nationalist, conspired to create a unified Italy where all citizens would have equal rights, inspiring revolutionary movements post-1815.
9. Why did socialists view private property as problematic?
(a) It promoted equality
(b) It prioritized personal gain over collective welfare
(c) It encouraged cooperative enterprises
(d) It supported worker rights
Explanation: Socialists saw private property as the root of social ills, as owners focused on personal gain rather than the welfare of workers, advocating for collective control.
10. What was Robert Owen’s vision for a socialist society?
(a) Government-controlled factories
(b) Cooperative communities
(c) Capitalist enterprises
(d) Individual ownership
Explanation: Robert Owen proposed building cooperative communities, like New Harmony, where people worked together and shared profits, as a model for a socialist society.
Class 10th NCERT Science MCQ11. What did Louis Blanc propose to replace capitalist enterprises?
(a) Private factories
(b) Government-encouraged cooperatives
(c) Monarchist systems
(d) Church-led industries
Explanation: Louis Blanc advocated for government-supported cooperatives in France, where workers collectively produced goods and shared profits, aiming to replace capitalist enterprises.
12. According to Karl Marx, what was the natural outcome of industrial society?
(a) Capitalist prosperity
(b) Communist society
(c) Feudal restoration
(d) Liberal democracy
Explanation: Marx argued that industrial society, driven by capitalism, would lead to a communist society where workers overthrow capitalists, and property is socially controlled.
13. What was the Second International formed to achieve?
(a) Promote capitalism
(b) Coordinate socialist efforts
(c) Support monarchies
(d) Oppose industrialization
Explanation: By the 1870s, the Second International was established to unite socialists across Europe, coordinating their efforts to promote socialist ideas and improve workers’ conditions.
14. Which party in Germany worked with workers’ associations?
(a) Conservative Party
(b) Social Democratic Party
(c) Liberal Party
(d) Monarchist Party
Explanation: The Social Democratic Party in Germany collaborated with workers’ associations, advocating for better conditions and winning parliamentary seats by 1905.
15. What was a key legacy of the Paris Commune of 1871?
(a) Monarchist revival
(b) Workers’ red flag
(c) Capitalist expansion
(d) Church reforms
Explanation: The Paris Commune, a workers’ uprising, left a lasting legacy with the workers’ red flag, symbolizing revolutionary struggle, and the ‘Marseillaise’ as a liberty anthem.
16. Who ruled the Russian Empire in 1914?
(a) Lenin
(b) Tsar Nicholas II
(c) Stalin
(d) Kerenskii
Explanation: In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled the Russian Empire, which included vast territories and diverse religious groups, under an autocratic system.
17. What was the primary occupation of Russians in the early 20th century?
(a) Industry
(b) Agriculture
(c) Trade
(d) Military service
Explanation: About 85% of Russians were agriculturists, a higher proportion than in most European countries, producing grain for markets and personal needs.
18. Where were Russia’s prominent industrial areas located?
(a) Siberia and Crimea
(b) St Petersburg and Moscow
(c) Ukraine and Belarus
(d) Finland and Estonia
Explanation: St Petersburg and Moscow were key industrial hubs in Russia, hosting large factories and craft workshops by the early 20th century.
19. What characterized Russian factory workers in 1914?
(a) Uniform wages
(b) Social divisions by skill
(c) Equal gender pay
(d) No strikes
Explanation: Russian factory workers were divided by skill, with metalworkers considering themselves superior due to their training, and women earning less than men.
20. Why did Russian peasants resent the nobility?
(a) Nobles supported land reforms
(b) Nobles gained power through Tsarist service
(c) Nobles were elected locally
(d) Nobles shared land equally
Explanation: Peasants resented nobles, who derived power from Tsarist service rather than local support, and demanded their land, often refusing rent or attacking landlords.
21. What was unique about Russian peasant land practices?
(a) Individual ownership
(b) Periodic land pooling by communes
(c) State-controlled farms
(d) No land cultivation
22. When was the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party founded?
(a) 1870
(b) 1898
(c) 1905
(d) 1917
23. Why did some socialists believe Russian peasants were natural socialists?
(a) Their wealth accumulation
(b) Their land division customs
(c) Their support for nobility
(d) Their industrial work
24. What did the Socialist Revolutionary Party demand in 1900?
(a) Industrial nationalization
(b) Land transfer to peasants
(c) Monarchist restoration
(d) Urban reforms
25. How did Lenin’s Bolsheviks differ from Mensheviks?
(a) Bolsheviks supported open membership
(b) Bolsheviks favored a disciplined party
(c) Bolsheviks opposed socialism
(d) Bolsheviks backed monarchy
26. What triggered the 1905 Revolution in Russia?
(a) World War I
(b) Bloody Sunday
(c) Tsar’s abdication
(d) Bolshevik uprising
27. What did workers demand during the 1905 Revolution?
(a) Longer working hours
(b) Reduced wages
(c) An eight-hour workday
(d) Nobility privileges
28. What was the Union of Unions formed in 1905?
(a) A monarchist group
(b) A coalition of professionals
(c) A peasant association
(d) A military alliance
29. Why did the Tsar dismiss the first Duma in 1905?
(a) It supported his policies
(b) It questioned his authority
(c) It lacked members
(d) It was too conservative
30. What impact did World War I have on Russian industry?
(a) Increased production
(b) Equipment disintegration
(c) Foreign investment growth
(d) Labor surplus
31. Why was St Petersburg renamed Petrograd during World War I?
(a) To honor Lenin
(b) Due to anti-German sentiments
(c) To celebrate a victory
(d) For economic reasons
32. What caused food shortages in Petrograd in 1917?
(a) Industrial growth
(b) Severe winter and war
(c) Peasant uprisings
(d) Bolshevik policies
33. What event marked the start of the February Revolution?
(a) Bolshevik uprising
(b) Factory lockout on 22 February
(c) Tsar’s abdication
(d) Duma elections
34. Why was the February Revolution also called International Women’s Day?
(a) Women led strikes
(b) It honored women’s suffrage
(c) Women formed the Duma
(d) Women negotiated peace
35. What was the Petrograd Soviet formed in 1917?
(a) A royal council
(b) A workers’ and soldiers’ council
(c) A conservative party
(d) A military regiment
36. When did Tsar Nicholas II abdicate?
(a) 24 October 1917
(b) 2 March 1917
(c) 22 February 1917
(d) 1 January 1918
37. What were Lenin’s ‘April Theses’ in 1917?
(a) Support for the Provisional Government
(b) Demands for peace, land, and nationalization
(c) Call for monarchy restoration
(d) Industrial privatization
38. Why did the Provisional Government arrest Bolshevik leaders in July 1917?
(a) They supported the war
(b) They staged demonstrations
(c) They backed the Tsar
(d) They formed trade unions
39. Who led the Military Revolutionary Committee in October 1917?
(a) Lenin
(b) Trotskii
(c) Kerenskii
(d) Stalin
40. What role did the ship Aurora play in the October Revolution?
(a) It transported Lenin
(b) It shelled the Winter Palace
(c) It defended the Tsar
(d) It carried supplies
41. What calendar did Russia use until February 1918?
(a) Gregorian
(b) Julian
(c) Lunar
(d) Solar
42. What was nationalized by the Bolsheviks in November 1917?
(a) Land and churches
(b) Industry and banks
(c) Schools and hospitals
(d) Railways and ports
43. Why did Lenin dismiss the Constituent Assembly in January 1918?
(a) It supported Bolshevik measures
(b) It rejected Bolshevik policies
(c) It lacked quorum
(d) It demanded war continuation
44. What was the budeonovka introduced in 1918?
(a) A Soviet hat
(b) A military tank
(c) A propaganda poster
(d) A land policy
45. Who opposed the Bolsheviks during the Civil War?
(a) Reds and greens
(b) Whites and greens
(c) Soviets and peasants
(d) Workers and soldiers
46. Why did the Bolsheviks succeed in the Civil War by 1920?
(a) Foreign support
(b) Cooperation with non-Russian nationalities
(c) Tsarist loyalty
(d) Industrial decline
47. What was the USSR formed from in December 1922?
(a) The Russian Empire
(b) The Tsarist army
(c) The Provisional Government
(d) The Duma
48. What was a key feature of the Five Year Plans introduced in 1927?
(a) Decentralized planning
(b) Fixed prices for industrial growth
(c) Private enterprise promotion
(d) Reduced factory output
49. What was a major issue during the construction of Magnitogorsk?
(a) Lack of raw materials
(b) Poor working conditions
(c) Excess labor
(d) Overfunding
50. How did the Bolsheviks support education in the USSR?
(a) Restricted university access
(b) Expanded schooling and university entry
(c) Privatized schools
(d) Banned higher education